2011年1月23日星期日

Registered users punch line: the status of transgenic vegetables _ idlers and Safety Analysis.

Category: Life Walk <wbr> <wbr> articles Shanghai Agriculture Network <wbr> status of genetically modified vegetables and security analysis <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> the first human to commercial production of transgenic plant varieties is .In 1994 Calgene introduced the United States of GM storability of tomato Flavr SavrtH, after a study of transgenic plants all over it extensively and gradually entered the commercial track. .So far, has approved the listing of foreign vegetables and delay ripening transgenic tomato, potato beetle resistance, anti-virus such as pumpkin and squash. .1996, China has successively approved the genetically resistant storage "Chinese Fan No. l," tomato, cucumber mosaic virus resistance of transgenic tomato "8805R" and pepper "Shuangfeng R" into industrial production. .Transgenic research has been conducted vegetables are tomatoes, eggplant, pepper, potato, cucumber, pumpkin, watermelon, melon, squash, carrots, cabbage, broccoli, cabbage, lettuce, spinach, fennel, peas, asparagus, mustard, onion, .cabbage and so on. .The modified traits including disease resistance, insect resistance, herbicide resistance, stress tolerance, improve quality, bio-engineering. .Transgenic plants is an irresistible tendency to go deep into the lives of human beings. .<wbr> the conventional breeding of transgenic plants and plant is different from its external source of genes of plants, animals and microorganisms, the future will cause to human health and the environment how the impact will be accompanied by the emergence of genetically engineering a major issue, this ., China in December 1993 by the National Science and Technology Commission promulgated the "genetic engineering safety management approach", in July 1996 issued by the Ministry of Agriculture, "Agricultural Biological Gene Engineering Safety Administration and Implementation Measures", the safety evaluation of the general principle is: .1. .Promote rather than restrict the development of plant genetic engineering. .At the same time protect human health and the environment. .2. .Taking into account gene, transgenic plant species diversity and the environment, the principles of case analysis should be taken. .3. .The principle of gradual improvement. .4. .In the accumulation of data and experience, based on the monitoring and management tend to loose and simplification principles. .The safety evaluation include: receptor plant safety evaluation, safety assessment of genetic manipulation, genetic engineering and product safety evaluation and release site and release program evaluation. .Each of GM crops in commercial production prior to go through rigorous safety assessment. .Now the status of genetically modified vegetables and safety are as follows. .<wbr> <wbr> <wbr> 1 status of genetically modified vegetables, vegetable 1.1.1 1.1 transfer resistance genes resistant to virus gene transfer Vegetables virus prevention is very difficult, is the most studied transgenic for a class of disease resistance .. .Now obtained from different plants in more than 30 anti-virus genes, such as the plant virus coat protein (cp), satellite RNA, partial sequence of the cDNA, ribozymes, copy, protease, movement protein, antisense RNA Dengjun .in a variety of plants produce different levels of protection, recently developed for a variety of antiviral genes, such as ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs) double-stranded RNA gene and gene-specific nucleic acid, non-toxic pathogen .Plant disease resistance genes and heterologous genes have also been used for disease research. .Which is the most used viral coat protein (cp) gene. .Such as the United States, genetically modified anti-viral Pumpkin "FreedomII", Beijing University of cucumber mosaic virus transgenic (CMV) in tomato "8805R" and pepper "Shuangfeng R" and turnip mosaic virus resistance of transgenic (TuMV) of the cabbage " .Fukuyama great header, "Transgenic watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) watermelon, double transgenic anti-tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in pepper" Nongda 40 "and" Xiangyan 1. " .1.1.2 Gene transfer anti-fungal use of plant vegetables, allergic reactions, transfer induced hypersensitive cell membrane protein gene (hrpH) to obtain a high resistance to late blight in potatoes. .Transgenic Tobacco bivalent chitin and glucanase (��-l ,3-giuca �� hase) gene was resistance to Fusarium wilt of tomato, the disease index was reduced by 36% compared to 58%. .The two grapes l, 2 - styrene gene into tomatoes, can improve the ability of resistance to late blight. .1.1.3 Gene transfer resistance to bacterial diseases of vegetables is the application of more peptides, the use of the pollen tube pathway into tomato silkworm antibacterial peptide D gene, partial resistance to bacterial wilt has strong ability of plants. .1.2 1.2.1 Transgenic Bt-vegetable insecticidal crystal protein gene of vegetables the gene is the most widely used insect-resistant genes in one. .The insecticidal crystal protein encoded by lepidopteran insects have a strong cytotoxicity. .There have been commercial production: potatoes; has entered a phase of field trials; tomato, eggplant, cabbage, cauliflower; research being carried out are: pepper, celery, mustard, lettuce, cabbage, turnips, carrots, peas, cowpeas, .chickpeas, asparagus, cucumber, melon. .1.2.2 proteinase inhibitor gene transfer vegetables broad insecticidal spectrum protease inhibitors, including Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Orthoptera purpose of insects. .There are at least 15 different sources of cDNA or protease inhibitor gene into plants, most of the obvious resistance to insects. .However, protease inhibitors may be related to the expression in plants and insects to its adaptability, but also not a case to enter commercial production. .Under study are: potatoes, tomatoes, cabbage, cauliflower, cabbage, sweet potato, sweet pepper, black nightshade and lettuce. .1.2.3 lectin gene transfer in the vegetable is the most widely used vegetables snowdrop lectin (GNA) gene, into tomato, potato availability of aphids, aphid resistance, but also to import lettuce and .study of Chinese cabbage. .1.3 herbicide-resistant gene transfer vegetables <wbr> herbicide gene function in plants, there are two, one to eliminate the toxicity of herbicides, application of more is derived from the Streptomyces wet bar gene, which encodes a protein can be .chloramphenicol phosphonate herbicide (PPT) acetylation to lose virulence. .Second, the role of modified herbicide target proteins, it is not sensitive to herbicides or excessive dilution of the role of expression. .Encoding glutamine synthetase inhibitor pat the bar gene into peppers, can increase the tolerance of the PPT; to acetolactate protein (ALS) into tomato availability of sulfonylurea herbicides. .Enol pyruvoyl encoding shikimic acid-3 of a phosphate synthase (EPS) of the aroA mutant gene into tomatoes. .Availability of phosphine dose of herbicide resistance asiatica. .1.4 Gene transfer of anti stress tolerance gene vegetables vegetables 1.4.1 tolerance gene transfer, there are two, one is able to enhance the penetration of protective substances in plants of genes, such as proline synthetase (proA) gene, spinach .alkaline dehydrogenase (BADH) gene, mannose phosphate dehydrogenase (todD) gene and the biosynthesis of glycine betaine and choline dehydrogenase (beta) gene. .Beta gene will guide people to get salt tolerance of tomato plants than the control. .The oxalate oxidase gene into the tomato may be its increased production in the salt environment. .The other is the balance of plant, such as potassium and sodium ions HALI genes. .Into tomato salt tolerance improved significantly. .In addition to the total DNA directly into the salt-tolerant plants are not salt-tolerant plants can also increase tolerance, such as the total DNA into the mangrove pepper salt tolerance improved significantly. .1.4.2 cold tolerance gene transfer using more vegetables and deep-sea fish from the Arctic frost gene (AFPS). .Division of the flounder antifreeze gene into tomatoes, found that inhibit the ability of the ice re-crystallization, so that the vegetables from freezing. .The Flounder AFP antifreeze protein gene directly into the tomato, transgenic plants have an average temperature of less than 4.4 �� in the case, growth was better than the control, and early fruit ripening. .Lethal temperature also reduces the l �� ~ 2 ��. .1.5 vegetables <wbr> male sterility gene transfer research in this area means more can tapetum and pollen-specific expression of cytotoxic obtain male sterility. .Artificial construct of male sterility gene TA29: Barnase into tomato cotyledons get some male sterile plants. .Can also be used antisense technology to create male sterility. .Antisense construct artificial actin and anther specific promoter T29 chimeric male sterility gene into the composition of tomato, but the availability of self-incompatibility strong female parent for hybrid seed for the normal plants. .This is also the first case of transgenic male sterility with independent intellectual property rights. .1.6 parthenocarpic gene transfer vegetables <wbr> connected to roIB gene expression in the ovary-specific promoter TPRP-F1, and by vegetative growth and fruit size are normal and parthenocarpic materials MPBl2 MPBl3. 1. .7 gene transfer improved the quality of cooked vegetables <wbr> tomato extension of genetic engineering more and more successful examples. .Such as the extension of the United States and other cooked tomato Flavr Savr 4 transgenic resistant varieties and storage of the tomato, "Hua Fan 1" are entering commercial production to the market. .Also improved by transgenic sugar are: the E. coli glycogen synthase gene (glgl) transferred potato starch content can be reduced 30% to 50%, 80% increase in soluble sugar content. .The acid invertase antisense cDNA into the tomato, the fruit small but obtained a high sucrose content of plants. .The synthesis of lycopene by the modified gene into tomatoes, the red pigment can be overexpressed. .1.8 transfer of biological or industrial use as a vegetable protein vegetable <wbr> mammalian bioreactor production of vaccines, industrial enzymes or proteins than the animals or the development of micro-organisms with unparalleled value and development prospects. .Current hepatitis B virus surface antigen has been successfully guiding people gene potato and tomato plants, mice fed the transgenic potato, available on hepatitis B immunity. .2, the safety of genetically modified vegetables, analysis of current, the safety evaluation of transgenic plants is also focused on the only commercial production of transgenic plants on the environment and some common foreign genes in the genetic environment of the new expression. .The main focus of research in the following areas. .2.1 transgenic plants on non-target effects of biological safety <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> transferred under the Beijing University of antiviral toxicological analysis of genetically modified plants, including acute toxicity median lethal dose (LD50), micronucleus test, sperm .aberration assay, AmesTest, 30d (days) and other animal feeding study showed that the anti-viral gene transfer of plants to animals will not cause any adverse effects. .<wbr> <wbr> <wbr> According to the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences of the Bt protein in cotton in the crystal studies have shown that the mechanism, Bt crystal protein is a non-killing activity of the precursor protein, and only in the midgut of Lepidoptera .alkaline conditions can into the active mature protein to its receptor causing intestinal perforation and death insects. .The human and animal intestine is neither alkaline nor Bt protein binding of the receptor, it is safe. .Followed by protease inhibitors, many derived from plants, inhibit the digestion of proteins caused by insects, hunger and anorexia, harmless to humans and animals, no side effects, some studies also showed that the consumption of natural plant protease inhibitor with anti-cancer effect .because of its rich in lysine, its accumulation in transgenic plants is likely to increase the quality and nutritional value of food. .<wbr> <wbr> <wbr> In addition, based on transgenic potato, tomato, petunia, transgenic cotton and non-comparative study of photography, its types and quantities of soil had no effect. .Anti-tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in transgenic tomato pollination of flowers insects, feeding had no effect. .Transgenic plants after crop residue effects on non-GM crops and showed no obvious difference. .Genetically modified agricultural products from the current market practice of "substantial equivalence" principle point of view, genetically modified vegetables through the water, protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamin c, carotenoids and zinc, calcium, iron, potassium and other chemical composition, both with non-GM .no significant difference. .Food should be safe. .<wbr> <wbr> <wbr> 2.2 transgenic plants on the survival of target organisms <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> transgenic plant expression of the virus coat protein in vitro can be different sources to generate new viruses and changes in packaging .mode of transmission so far has not been found in field trials of this phenomenon, presumably, even if the occurrence of heterologous packaging, re-invasion of the virus in non-transgenic host, it will also not be formed due to the disappearance of the virus coat protein. .Of course, these small-scale trials, it is difficult to ensure that the high mutation rate of the virus in the long-term application of large-scale production does not occur in a threatening mutation. .Therefore, the risk of its possible long-term detailed work needs to be done. .Elimination in the laboratory simulation of the election results show that the predicted price at least 10 years in the production of Bt cotton can effectively control bollworms. .The protease inhibitor (CpTI) role in the conservative parts of insect digestive enzymes, mutation is very unlikely, the Bt / CpTI bivalent insect-resistant genes into the plants would greatly reduce the mutation rate of insect resistance, while, to take the "high .dose / refuge "strategy can reduce the ecological pest selective pressure to reduce pest resistance. .So with the transgenic technology to mature and further understanding of the ecosystem is bound to increase the safety of genetically modified plants new safeguards. .2.3 on "gene flow" problem <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> transgenic plants and wild relatives can be the mating of the species and the geographical environment, as determined under the Ordinance in nature, Crossability generally small, cut-off .At present, not yet discovered the potato, cotton, tobacco, rapeseed, etc. guided gene transfer to wild species. .Also on transgenic potatoes, rice, melon, asparagus, tomato, cotton and other field test results showed that: the growth potential of transgenic plants with non-transgenic plants is not very different. .General growth than non-transgenic worse. .Wintering in the capacity of seed vigor and no increase, in addition to other characters outside of the turn no character enhancement and enhanced. .So it remains in the field of ecological impact would not be significant. .<wbr> <wbr> <wbr> for the production of transgenic plants because the time is not long, and its limited human safety trials the addition of a small environment, experience and current scientific and technological level can not fully predict and control the foreign gene .In the new expression of the genetic environment, therefore, the safety evaluation of transgenic plants and genetic engineering will be placed in the human face of the future coexistence of the two long-term issue. .Northern Gardening 2005 (3): 4 ~ 5 Pengbing Hui 1, WANG Xiu-feng 2 (1. Yuci Vegetable Center, Shandong Province, 030600; 2. Shandong Agricultural University, Horticulture Science and Engineering. Tai'an 271018) gene status and safety of vegetables .Analysis <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> the first human to commercial production of transgenic plant species is introduced in 1994, the United States Calgene tomato transgenic storability Flavr SavrtH, after the study of transgenic plants together extensively throughout .and gradually entered the commercial track. .So far, has approved the listing of foreign vegetables and delay ripening transgenic tomato, potato beetle resistance, anti-virus such as pumpkin and squash. .1996, China has successively approved the genetically resistant storage "Chinese Fan No. l," tomato, cucumber mosaic virus resistance of transgenic tomato "8805R" and pepper "Shuangfeng R" into industrial production. .Transgenic research has been conducted vegetables are tomatoes, eggplant, pepper, potato, cucumber, pumpkin, watermelon, melon, squash, carrots, cabbage, broccoli, cabbage, lettuce, spinach, fennel, peas, asparagus, mustard, onion, .cabbage and so on. .The modified traits including disease resistance, insect resistance, herbicide resistance, stress tolerance, improve quality, bio-engineering. .Transgenic plants is an irresistible tendency to go deep into the lives of human beings. .<wbr> the conventional breeding of transgenic plants and plant is different from its external source of genes of plants, animals and microorganisms, the future will cause to human health and the environment how the impact will be accompanied by the emergence of genetically engineering a major issue, this ., China in December 1993 by the National Science and Technology Commission promulgated the "genetic engineering safety management approach", in July 1996 issued by the Ministry of Agriculture, "Agricultural Biological Gene Engineering Safety Administration and Implementation Measures", the safety evaluation of the general principle is: .1. .Promote rather than restrict the development of plant genetic engineering. .At the same time protect human health and the environment. .2. .Taking into account gene, transgenic plant species diversity and the environment, the principles of case analysis should be taken. .3. .The principle of gradual improvement. .4. .In the accumulation of data and experience, based on the monitoring and management tend to loose and simplification principles. .The safety evaluation include: receptor plant safety evaluation, safety assessment of genetic manipulation, genetic engineering and product safety evaluation and release site and release program evaluation. .Each of GM crops in commercial production prior to go through rigorous safety assessment. .Now the status of genetically modified vegetables and safety are as follows. .<wbr> <wbr> <wbr> 1 status of genetically modified vegetables, vegetable 1.1.1 1.1 transfer resistance genes resistant to virus gene transfer Vegetables virus prevention is very difficult, is the most studied transgenic for a class of disease resistance .. .Now obtained from different plants in more than 30 anti-virus genes, such as the plant virus coat protein (cp), satellite RNA, partial sequence of the cDNA, ribozymes, copy, protease, movement protein, antisense RNA Dengjun .in a variety of plants produce different levels of protection, recently developed for a variety of antiviral genes, such as ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs) double-stranded RNA gene and gene-specific nucleic acid, non-toxic pathogen .Plant disease resistance genes and heterologous genes have also been used for disease research. .Which is the most used viral coat protein (cp) gene. .Such as the United States, genetically modified anti-viral Pumpkin "FreedomII", Beijing University of cucumber mosaic virus transgenic (CMV) in tomato "8805R" and pepper "Shuangfeng R" and turnip mosaic virus resistance of transgenic (TuMV) of the cabbage " .Fukuyama great header, "Transgenic watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) watermelon, double transgenic anti-tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in pepper" Nongda 40 "and" Xiangyan 1. " .1.1.2 Gene transfer anti-fungal use of plant vegetables, allergic reactions, transfer induced hypersensitive cell membrane protein gene (hrpH) to obtain a high resistance to late blight in potatoes. .Transgenic Tobacco bivalent chitin and glucanase (��-l ,3-giuca �� hase) gene was resistance to Fusarium wilt of tomato, the disease index was reduced by 36% compared to 58%. .The two grapes l, 2 - styrene gene into tomatoes, can improve the ability of resistance to late blight. .1.1.3 Gene transfer resistance to bacterial diseases of vegetables is the application of more peptides, using pollen tube pathway method Tussah peptide D gene into tomato, partial resistance to bacterial wilt has strong ability of plants. .1.2 1.2.1 Transgenic Bt-vegetable insecticidal crystal protein gene of vegetables the gene is the most widely used insect-resistant genes in one. .The encoding lepidopteran insecticidal crystal protein is highly cytotoxic. .There have been commercial production: potatoes; has entered a phase of field trials; tomato, eggplant, cabbage, cauliflower; research being carried out are: pepper, celery, mustard, lettuce, cabbage, turnips, carrots, peas, cowpeas, .chickpeas, asparagus, cucumber, melon. .1.2.2 proteinase inhibitor gene transfer vegetables broad insecticidal spectrum protease inhibitors, including Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Orthoptera purpose of insects. .There are at least 15 different sources of cDNA or protease inhibitor gene into plants, most of the obvious resistance to insects. .However, protease inhibitors may be related to the expression in plants and insects to its adaptability, but also not a case to enter commercial production. .Under study are: potatoes, tomatoes, cabbage, cauliflower, cabbage, sweet potato, sweet pepper, black nightshade and lettuce. .1.2.3 lectin gene transfer in the vegetable is the most widely used vegetables snowdrop lectin (GNA) gene, into tomato, potato availability of aphids, aphid resistance, but also to import lettuce and .study of Chinese cabbage. .1.3 herbicide-resistant gene transfer vegetables <wbr> herbicide gene function in plants, there are two, one to eliminate the toxicity of herbicides, application of more is derived from the Streptomyces wet bar gene, which encodes a protein can be .chloramphenicol phosphonate herbicide (PPT) acetylation to lose virulence. .Second, the role of modified herbicide target proteins, it is not sensitive to herbicides or excessive dilution of the role of expression. .Encoding glutamine synthetase inhibitor pat the bar gene into peppers, can increase the tolerance of the PPT; to acetolactate protein (ALS) into tomato availability of sulfonylurea herbicides. .Enol pyruvoyl encoding shikimic acid-3 of a phosphate synthase (EPS) of the aroA mutant gene into tomatoes. .Availability of phosphine dose of herbicide resistance asiatica. .1.4 Gene transfer of anti stress tolerance gene vegetables vegetables 1.4.1 tolerance gene transfer, there are two, one is able to enhance the penetration of protective substances in plants of genes, such as proline synthetase (proA) gene, spinach .alkaline dehydrogenase (BADH) gene, mannose phosphate dehydrogenase (todD) gene and the biosynthesis of glycine betaine and choline dehydrogenase (beta) gene. .Beta gene will guide people to get salt tolerance of tomato plants than the control. .The oxalate oxidase gene into the tomato may be its increased production in the salt environment. .The other is the balance of plant, such as potassium and sodium ions HALI genes. .Into tomato salt tolerance improved significantly. .In addition to the total DNA directly into the salt-tolerant plants are not salt-tolerant plants can also increase tolerance, such as the total DNA into the mangrove pepper salt tolerance improved significantly. .1.4.2 cold tolerance gene transfer using more vegetables and deep-sea fish from the Arctic frost gene (AFPS). .Division of the flounder antifreeze gene into tomatoes, found that inhibit the ability of the ice re-crystallization, so that the vegetables from freezing. .The Flounder AFP antifreeze protein gene directly into the tomato, transgenic plants have an average temperature of less than 4.4 �� in the case, growth was better than the control, and early fruit ripening. .Lethal temperature also reduces the l �� ~ 2 ��. .1.5 vegetables <wbr> male sterility gene transfer research in this area means more can tapetum and pollen-specific expression of cytotoxic obtain male sterility. .Artificial construct of male sterility gene TA29: Barnase into tomato cotyledons get some male sterile plants. .Can also be used antisense technology to create male sterility. .Antisense construct artificial actin and anther specific promoter T29 chimeric male sterility gene into the composition of tomato, but the availability of self-incompatibility strong female parent for hybrid seed for the normal plants. .This is the first case in China with independent intellectual property rights of transgenic male sterility. .1.6 parthenocarpic gene transfer vegetables <wbr> will roIB specific expression of genes connected to the ovary TPRP-F1 promoter, and by vegetative growth and fruit size are normal and parthenocarpic materials MPBl2 MPBl3. 1. .7 gene transfer improved the quality of cooked vegetables <wbr> tomato extension of genetic engineering more and more successful examples. .Such as the extension of the United States and other cooked tomato Flavr Savr 4 transgenic resistant varieties and storage of the tomato, "Hua Fan 1" are entering commercial production to the market. .Also improved by transgenic sugar are: the E. coli glycogen synthase gene (glgl) transferred potato starch content can be reduced 30% to 50%, 80% increase in soluble sugar content. .The acid invertase antisense cDNA into the tomato, the fruit small but obtained a high sucrose content of plants. .The synthesis of lycopene by the modified gene into tomatoes, the red pigment can be overexpressed. .1.8 transfer of biological or industrial use as a vegetable protein vegetable <wbr> mammalian bioreactor production of vaccines, industrial enzymes or proteins than the animals or micro-organisms have developed unparalleled value and development prospects. .Current hepatitis B virus surface antigen has been successfully guiding people gene potato and tomato plants, mice fed the transgenic potato, available on hepatitis B immunity. .2, the safety of genetically modified vegetables, analysis of current, the safety evaluation of transgenic plants is also focused on the only commercial production of transgenic plants on the environment and some common foreign genes in the genetic environment of the new expression. .The main focus of research in the following areas. .2.1 Transgenic plants on the safety of non-target organisms under the Beijing University of <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> anti-viral gene transfer of plant toxicological analysis, including half the lethal dose acute toxicity (LD50), micronucleus test, sperm .aberration assay, AmesTest, 30d (days) and other animal feeding study showed that the anti-viral gene transfer of plants to animals will not cause any adverse effects. .<wbr> <wbr> <wbr> According to the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences of the Bt protein in cotton in the crystal studies have shown that the mechanism, Bt crystal protein is a non-killing activity of the precursor protein, and only in the midgut of Lepidoptera .alkaline conditions can into the active mature protein to its receptor causing intestinal perforation and death insects. .The human and animal intestine is neither alkaline nor Bt protein binding of the receptor, it is safe. .Followed by protease inhibitors, many derived from plants, inhibit the digestion of proteins caused by insects, hunger and anorexia, harmless to humans and animals, no side effects, some studies also showed that the consumption of natural plant protease inhibitor with anti-cancer effect .because of its rich in lysine, its accumulation in transgenic plants is likely to increase the quality and nutritional value of food. .<wbr> <wbr> <wbr> In addition, based on transgenic potato, tomato, petunia, transgenic cotton and non-comparative study of photography, its types and quantities of soil had no effect. .Anti-tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in transgenic tomato pollination of flowers insects, feeding had no effect. .Transgenic plants after crop residue effects on non-GM crops and showed no obvious difference. .Genetically modified agricultural products from the current market practice of "substantial equivalence" principle point of view, genetically modified vegetables through the water, protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamin c, carotenoids and zinc, calcium, iron, potassium and other chemical composition, both with non-GM .no significant difference. .Food should be safe. .<wbr> <wbr> <wbr> 2.2 transgenic plants on the survival of target organisms <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> transgenic plant expression of the virus coat protein in vitro can be different sources to generate new viruses and changes in packaging .mode of transmission so far has not been found in field trials of this phenomenon, presumably, even if the occurrence of heterologous packaging, re-invasion of the virus in non-transgenic host, it will also not be formed due to the disappearance of the virus coat protein. .Of course, these small-scale trials, it is difficult to ensure that the high mutation rate of the virus in the long-term application of large-scale production does not occur in a threatening mutation. .Therefore, the risk of its possible long-term detailed work needs to be done. .Elimination in the laboratory simulation of the election results show that the predicted price at least 10 years in the production of Bt cotton can effectively control bollworms. .The protease inhibitor (CpTI) role in the conservative parts of insect digestive enzymes, mutation is very unlikely, the Bt / CpTI bivalent insect-resistant genes into the plants would greatly reduce the mutation rate of insect resistance, while, to take the "high .dose / refuge "strategy can reduce the ecological pest selective pressure to reduce pest resistance. .So with the transgenic technology to mature and further understanding of the ecosystem is bound to increase the safety of genetically modified plants new safeguards. .2.3 on "gene flow" problem <wbr> <wbr> <wbr> transgenic plants and wild relatives can be the mating of the species and the geographical environment, as determined under the Ordinance in nature, Crossability generally small, cut-off .At present, not yet discovered the potato, cotton, tobacco, rapeseed, etc. guided gene transfer to wild species. .Also on transgenic potatoes, rice, melon, asparagus, tomato, cotton and other field test results showed that: the growth potential of transgenic plants with non-transgenic plants is not very different. .General growth than non-transgenic worse. .Overwinter in the seed vigor and no ability to raise, in addition to other characters outside of the transfer were not enhanced traits and improved. .So it remains in the field of ecological impact would not be significant. .<wbr> <wbr> <wbr> for the production of transgenic plants because the time is not long, and its limited human safety trials the addition of a small environment, experience and current scientific and technological level can not fully predict and control the foreign gene .In the new expression of the genetic environment, therefore, the safety evaluation of transgenic plants and genetic engineering will be placed in the human face of the future coexistence of the two long-term issue. .Northern Gardening 2005 (3): 4 ~ 5 Pengbing Hui 1, WANG Xiu-feng 2 (1. Yuci Vegetable Center, Shandong Province, 030600; 2. Shandong Agricultural University, Horticulture Science and Engineering. Tai'an 271018) <wbr>.

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